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Chelsea Wold ne dan jaridar 'yan jarida, Netherlands da marubucin Daydream: Tambayar Duniya na gaggawa don canza bayan gida.
Kayayyakin bayan gida mai amfani da kuma sauran abubuwan gina jiki daga fitsari don amfani azaman taki da sauran samfura. Hoto na Hoto: Mak / Georg Mayer / eoos na gaba
Gotland, tsibirin Sweden mafi girma, yana da ɗan sabo ne. A lokaci guda, mazauna suna cikin haɗari tare da matakan gurbata daga aikin gona da tsarin dinka waɗanda ke haifar da algal mai cutarwa a kusa da Tekun Baltic. Zasu iya kashe kifayen kuma suna sa mutane suyi rashin lafiya.
Don taimakawa warware wannan jerin matsalolin muhalli, tsibiri yana pinning yana fatan da ba a tsammani wanda ke ɗaure su: fitsari na ɗan adam.
Farawa a shekarar 2021, kungiyar bincike ta fara aiki tare da kamfanin na gida wanda ke ba da bayan gida. Manufar shine a tattara sama da lita 70,000 na fitsari a tsawon shekaru 3 a cikin ruwa mai ruwa da kuma sadaukar da bayan gida a lokacin yawon shakatawa. Teamungiyar ta fito ne daga Jami'ar Swuwar Sweden (SLU) a Uppsala, wacce ta kutsa wani kamfani da ake kira Haicebation360. Amfani da tsari Masu binciken da suka samo asali, sun bushe da fitsari zuwa kankare-kamar chunks, wanda su a cikin groda da aka matse su na Standaryulmancin kayan aikin da suka dace da kayan aikin gona. Manoma na gida suna amfani da takin don shuka sha'ir, wanda a aika zuwa ɓarke ​​don samar da alamu bayan amfani.
Prithvi Simha, Injiniya na Surner a Slu da Cto na Hankarit360, in ji burin masu binciken shine "wuce abin da aka gabatar a cikin babban sikeli. Manufar shine don samar da samfurin da za'a iya rufaffiyar duniya. "Manufarmu ga kowa ne, ko'ina, don yin wannan darasi."
A cikin gwaji a Gotland, abinci-hadu da sha'ir (dama) an kwatanta shi da tsirrai marasa daidaituwa (tsakiya) da tare da takin mai ma'adinai (hagu). Hoto na Hoto: Jenna Senecal.
Aikin Gotlland wani bangare ne na ƙoƙarin zama na duniya don raba fitsari daga wasu sharar gida da maimaita shi cikin samfuran kamar takin zamani. The practice, known as urine diversion, is being studied by groups in the United States, Australia, Switzerland, Ethiopia, and South Africa, among others. Wadannan kokarin sun hau bayan dakunan gwaje-gwaje na jami'a. Umumless mara ruwa suna da alaƙa da tsarin zubar da tushe a ofisoshi a Oregon da Netherlands. Paris suna shirin shigar da bayan gida a cikin bayan gida a cikin wani mazaunin Ecozone da aka gina a cikin garin arrondisment na 14 na birni. Hukumar ta Turai zata sanya bayan gida 80 a hedikwatar ta Paris, wanda zai fara aiki daga baya a wannan shekara. Fistin Desabobin fikaffiyoyi sun ce yana iya nemo amfani a wurare masu gudana daga sansanonin soja, cibiyoyin birnin masu arziki da ganyen birni.
Masana kimiyya sunce cewa 'yan wanzuwar fitsari, idan an tura shi da babban sikelin a duniya, zai iya kawo fa'ida ga muhalli da lafiyar jama'a. Wannan wani bangare ne saboda fitsari yana da wadataccen abinci mai wadatar abinci waɗanda ba sa gurɓasa jikin ruwan sha kuma ana iya amfani da su don takin amfanin gona ko a masana'antu. Simham sun kiyasta cewa mutane suna samar da isasshen fitsari don maye gurbin kwata na nitrogen na yanzu da takin mai magani na yanzu da phosphate mai magani; Hakanan ya ƙunshi potassium da kuma abubuwa da yawa masu alama (duba "masu samar da fitsari"). Mafi kyawun duka, ba ta hanyar fitsari fitsari ba, kuna ajiye ruwa da yawa kuma ku rage nauyi a kan wani tsufa da kuma tsarin sepbuddened.
Dangane da masana a fagen, abubuwan da aka gyara masu duhu da yawa na iya zama da godiya sosai ga cigaba a bayan gida da dabarun fitsari. Amma akwai kuma manyan cikas don canji na asali a cikin ɗayan mafi mahimmancin yanayin rayuwa. Masu bincike da kamfanoni suna buƙatar magance ƙayyadaddun ƙalubale, daga inganta ƙirar fitsari don yin sauƙin aiwatar kuma ya zama samfurori masu mahimmanci. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tsarin sinadarai sun haɗa da kowane bayan gida ko kayan aikin asali na mai da hankali (duba samfurin da ke tattare da shi (duba "daga fitsari zuwa samfurin"). Bugu da kari, akwai wasu batutuwan canji na zamantakewa da yarda, da duka biyu na al'adu da al'adun mutane da tsarin abinci.
Kamar yadda al'umma ke cirewa tare da karancin makamashi, ruwa, da kuma kayan masarar Lynn Bangare shi ne "babban kalubalanci game da yadda muke samarwa. . "Gange wanda zai ƙara mahimmanci. Minnesota, Shugaban Kasar Alexandria, VA., VA., VA., VA., Kungiyar kwararrun ƙwararrun ruwa na duniya. "A zahiri wani abu ne."
Da zarar kan lokaci, fitsari ya kasance kayan masarufi. A da, wasu al'ummomin da aka yi amfani da shi don takin amfanin gona, suna sa fata, suna wanke tufafi, da kuma yin bindiga. Bayan haka, a ƙarshen 19th da sanyin ƙarni na 20, samfurin zamani na sarrafa ruwan hoda ya tashi a cikin duniya, cullingating a cikin duniya-da ake kira urininerness.
A cikin wannan ƙirar, bayan gida suna amfani da ruwa don saukar da fitsari da sauri magudanar ruwan tabarau, gauraye da wasu ruwa, gauraye da masana'antu, kuma wani lokacin tururuwa na gida. A cikin tsire-tsire masu magani na sharar ruwa, matakai masu ƙarfi mai ƙarfi na makamashi mai ƙarfi suna amfani da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta don magance sharar.
Ya danganta da ƙa'idodin gida da yanayin shuka magani, an fitar da lalata daga wannan tsari na iya ƙunshe da mahimman abubuwan gina jiki, da sauran abubuwan gina jiki. Kashi 57% na yawan mutanen duniya ba a haɗa su da tsarin seepatedate na tsakiya kwata-kwata (duba "na ɗan adam").
Masana kimiyya suna aiki don yin tsarin da aka kafa da ƙarancin ci gaba, amma fara da Sweden a shekarun 1990, wasu masu bincike suna turawa don ƙarin canje-canje na asali. Ya ci gaba a karshen bututun 'yanzunnan da ke da juyin halitta ne a Jami'ar Michigan a Ann Tant Arbor. Distring fitsari zai zama "canji," in ji ta. A cikin karatun 1, wanda ya dace da tsarin sarrafa ruwa a cikin jihohin Amurka uku, ita da abokan aikinta sun kunshi fitsari da kuma amfani da abubuwan gina jiki maimakon takin mai gamsarwa. Sun kiyasta cewa al'ummomin da ke amfani da fitsari na fitsari na iya rage ɓarnar gas daga 41%, amfani da ruwa da abinci, da kuma gurɓataccen abinci na sharar ruwa da 64%. Fasaha da aka yi amfani da ita.
Koyaya, manufar ya kasance da iyakance ga wuraren da zasu iya iyakance ga wuraren da zahirin ƙauyuka kamar na Scandinavian, abubuwan da ke cikin karkara, da ci gaba a cikin ƙananan wuraren samun kuɗi.
Tuna Lashen, injiniyan sunadarai a cikin Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Switzerland da fasaha (eawag) a Dübendorf, in ji da yawa daga cikin abin da ba a ba shi da kansa. Da farko an gabatar da shi zuwa kasuwa a shekarun 1990 da 2000s, yawancin gidajen wuta-karkatar da ƙananan kwari a gaban su don tattara ruwa, saiti wanda ke buƙatar kulawa da hankali. Sauran ƙira sun hada da belashin isar da kaya wanda ke ba da izinin fitsari zuwa magudana kamar yadda taki ke hawa bagade zuwa wani abu daban.
Bayanan ajiya na gaba wanda ke raba fitsari kuma yana ƙaruwa da shi cikin foda ana gwada shi a hedkwatar ruwa na Sweden da Kamfanin Va Syd a Malmö. Hoto na Hoto: EOOS na gaba
Amma a cikin ayyukan gwaji da kuma ayyukan zanga-zangar a Turai, mutane ba su rungumi amfaninsu ba, Larsen ya ce, suna gunaguni cewa sun yi yawa sosai, masu ƙanshi da ba wanda ba za a iya dogara ba. "An kashe mu da batun bayan gida."
Wadannan abubuwan da suka shafi sun tura amfani da manyan manyan-sikelin na farko na bayan gida mai haske, wani shiri a garin Ethetekini a cikin 2000s. Anthony ODLI, wanda ya karɓi kulawar kiwon lafiya a Jami'ar Kwazulu-Natal a Durban, ya ce radadin kwatsam na birni ba tare da kwantena da bayan gida ba.
Bayan barkewar kwalara a watan Agusta 2000, hukumomi da sauri sun tura wuraren da kudi da kuma munanan fitsari, wadanda har yanzu suna amfani da su a yau. URME Drains a cikin ƙasa daga ƙarƙashin bayan gida, da feces ta ƙare a cikin ajiya na ajiya wanda birnin ya ba da rai kowace shekara biyar tun shekara ta 2016.
Odili ya ce aikin ya haifar da wuraren daukin halittu a yankin. Koyaya, binciken kimiyyar zamantakewa ya gano matsaloli da yawa tare da shirin. Duk da lamarin cewa wuraren da yake bayan gida sun fi komai, karatu, gami da wasu daga cikin karatun da ya shiga, daga baya sun nuna cewa masu amfani gaba daya suna son su, odili ya ce. Yawancinsu an gina su da kayan ingancin inganci kuma ba su gane ba. Duk da yake irin wannan ɗakin nan ya kamata a hana kamshi, fitsari a cikin bayan gida na Etherkwini galibi yana ƙarewa a cikin ajiya na Faecal, ƙirƙirar mummunan wari. A cewar Odli, mutane "ba za su iya yin numfashi a al'ada ba." Bugu da ƙari, fitsari ba a amfani da shi ba.
Daga qarshe, a cewar Odli, shawarar gabatar da fitilun fitsari na fitsari na sama kuma bai yi la'akari da zaɓin da mutane ba, galibi don dalilan kiwon lafiyar jama'a. Nazarin shekara ta 20173 wanda ya gano cewa sama da 95% na masu amsa Ethekwini suna son samun damar yin amfani da mazaunan farin cikin birni, kuma mutane da yawa da aka shirya don shigar da su lokacin da aka yarda da su. A cikin Afirka ta Kudu, bayan gida ya daɗe da alama ce ta rashin daidaito.
Koyaya, sabon ƙirar na iya zama mai nasara a cikin urinary istary. A shekara ta 2017, aka lie ta hanyar mai zanen Haraald Grundl, tare da hadin gwiwar Larsen da sauransu, kamfanin Austriya EOOS (ya kashe daga EOOS) na gaba) sakin tarkon fitsari). Wannan yana kawar da bukatar mai amfani da ya yi nufin, kuma aikin danshi yana aiki kusan ganuwa (duba "sabon nau'in bayan gida").
Yana amfani da dabi'ar ruwa don tsaftacewa zuwa saman (da ake kira sinetin (da ake kira kamar sentle na dripping) zuwa kai tsaye fitsari daga gaban gida zuwa wani rami daban (duba "yadda ake sake maimaita fitsari"). An inganta shi da kudade daga Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates a Seattle, Washington, wanda ya tallafa shi cikin ƙirar mai shiga cikin filastik na sama. An inganta shi da kudade daga Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates a Seattle, Washington, wanda ya tallafa shi cikin ƙirar mai shiga cikin filastik na sama. An inganta tare da kudade daga kafuwar Kudade na Bill & Melinda, wanda za'a iya gina Binciken Lantarki mai shigowa, Trap ɗin fitsari za'a gina shi cikin komai daga ƙirar filastik don filastik masu filastik zuwa filastik masu filastik.tukwane. An inganta tare da kudade daga kafuwar Lissle na Bill & Melinda a Seattle, Washington, wanda ke tallafawa bincike mai zurfi a cikin komai daga mafi girman yumbu zuwa filastik squat tray trays.An riga an sake sakewa da samfurin da ake kira "Ajiye!" Ga kasuwar Turai, kodayake farashin sa tayi yawa ga masu amfani da yawa.
Jami'ar Kwazulu-Natal da majalisar Ethulwini suma suna kuma gwada sigogin fitsari na tarko wanda zai iya jujjuya fitsari da flush fitar da kwayoyin halitta. A wannan karon, binciken ya mai da hankali ga masu amfani. Odie yana da kaffa cewa mutane zasu fi son sabon bayan gida na fitsari saboda suna da sauƙin yin amfani da, amma ya lura cewa maza sun zauna don yin irgi. Amma idan an karbe bakin kokai "kuma an karbe wasu yankuna masu arzikin karfi da kuma samun kudin shiga tare - da mutane daga asalin kabilu - zai taimaka wajen yaduwa," in ji shi da gaske. Ya kara da cewa "Koyaushe muna da ruwan tabarau na launin fata."
Rashin wadatar fitsari shine kawai farkon mataki ne a canza tsinkaye. Sashi na gaba yana gano abin da za a yi. A cikin yankunan karkara, mutane na iya adana shi a cikin vats don kashe kowane pathogens sannan kuma amfani da ita ga ƙasar noma. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya tana ba da shawarwari don wannan aikin.
Amma yanayin birni ya fi rikitarwa - wannan shine inda aka samar da yawancin fitsari. Ba zai zama mai amfani don gina masu sewers da yawa raba a cikin gari don isar da fitsari zuwa wurin tsakiyar wuri ba. Kuma saboda fitsari kusan ruwa 95%, yana da tsada sosai a adana da sufuri. Saboda haka, masu bincike suna mai da hankali kan bushewa, mai da hankali, ko in ba haka ba} in fitar da abinci mai gina jiki daga fitsari a matakin bayan gida ko gini, barin ruwa a baya.
Ba zai zama mai sauƙi ba, in ji Lardon. Daga yanayin injiniya, "piss mummunan bayani ne," in ji ta. Baya ga ruwa, yawancinsu shine urea, mazaunin nitrogen-mai arzikin nitrogen cewa jiki yana samar da shi a matsayin abin da ake amfani da shi na metabolism na furotin. Urea yana da amfani akan kansa: sigar roba shine takin nitrogen na gama gida (duba buƙatun nitrogen). Amma yana da tricky: lokacin da aka haɗu da ruwa, urea ya juya zuwa ammoniya, wanda ke ba da warin da ta ƙahonsa. Idan ba ya kunna, ammonia na iya jin ƙanshi, ƙazantar iska, kuma ku ɗauki nitrogen mai mahimmanci. Catalyzed by ubquitous Enzzaous Enzzaous Enzeze Urease, wannan amsar, wanda ake kira Urea Hydrolysis, yana iya ɗaukar microseconds da yawa, yana yin ɗayan enzymes da aka sani.
Wasu hanyoyin suna ba da damar hydrolysis don ci gaba. Masu binciken Eawag sun kirkiro wani tsari mai ci gaba wanda ya zama ruwan hydrolyzed fitsari cikin ingantaccen maganin gina jiki. Na farko, a cikin akwatin kifaye, microorganisms maida hankali ne zuwa ammonile ammonia ga nitrate nitrate, takin gama gari. Distiller sannan mai maida hankali ne. Wani tallafi da ake kira Vuna, Hakanan an haɗa shi a Dübendorf, yana aiki don kasuwanci, wanda aka kira shi Aurin, wanda aka yarda a Switzerland don abinci a karon farko a duniya.
Wasu kuma suna ƙoƙarin dakatar da hydrolysis ta hanzarta haɓaka ko rage ph na fitsari, wanda yawanci tsaka tsaki lokacin da aka soke. A sansanin Jami'ar Michigan, ƙauna shine haɗin gwiwa tare da masu zaman kansu Cibiyar watsa labarai, Vermont, don haɓaka tsarin citric acid daga karkatar da bayan gida da kuma bayan gida. Ruwa ya fashe daga Urinals. An mai da daskararren fitsari ta maimaita daskarewa da thawing5.
Wani rukunin injin din ya jagoranci Bjorn Winneros a tsibirin Gotland ta ci gaba da wata hanya zuwa fitsari cikin m urea gauraye da sauran abubuwan gina jiki. Teamungiyar ta kimanta sabon prototype, rabuwa da gidaje tare da bushewa, a hedkwatar ruwa na Sweden da kamfanin Swates Va Syd a Malmö.
Sauran hanyoyin da suka yi niyyar abinci mai gina jiki a cikin fitsari. Ana iya sauƙaƙa haɗa haɗe cikin sarƙoƙi da sunadarai na masana'antu William Takarshen, tsohon 'yan agaji na farko a Soyayyar ta Stanford a California.
Hanyar gama gari ta dawo da phosphorus daga hydrolyzed fitsari shine ƙari da magnesium, wanda ke haifar da hazo na taki da ake kira. Tarpeh yana yin gwaji tare da granules na kayan adsorbent wanda zai iya zabi cire nitrogen a matsayin ammonia6 ko phosphorus a matsayin phosphate. Tsarin nasa yana amfani da wani ruwa daban da ake kira Regenerant wanda ke gudana cikin balloons bayan sun gama gudu. Regenerant yana ɗaukar abubuwan gina jiki da sabunta kwallayen don zagaye na gaba. Wannan hanya ce mai ƙarancin fasaha, hanya mai mahimmanci, amma sake kasuwanci ne mara kyau ga yanayin. Yanzu kungiyarsa tana kokarin yin rahusa da kuma karin muhalli (duba "gurbataccen gurbata nan gaba").
Sauran masu binciken suna bunkasa hanyoyin don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar sanya fitsari a cikin sel mai microbial. A Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, wata kungiya ta kirkiro wata hanya don yin tubalin da ba a saba da shi ba ta hanyar hade da fitsari, yashi da kuma za a iya amfani da ƙwayoyin ruwan fitsari. Suna ƙididdigar kowane irin sifa ba tare da harbe ba. Hukumar sararin samaniya ta Turai tana tunanin fitsari na 'yan saman jannati a matsayin kayan aiki don gina gida a duniyar wata.
"Lokacin da na yi tunani game da babban makomar fitsari da kuma sake lalata ruwa, muna son mu sami samfuran da yawa," in ji Painth.
A matsayin masu bincike suna bin kewayon ra'ayoyi don fitsarin fitsari, sun san cewa shine babban yaƙi, musamman don masana'antar masana'antu. Taki da kamfanonin abinci, manoma, masana'antun bayan gida da masu tsara suna jinkirin yin canje-canje masu mahimmanci ga ayyukansu. "Akwai da yawa Inertia a nan," in ji Simcha.
Misali, a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, bincike da kuma samar da ilimi nauaufen Ajiye! Wannan ya hada da ciyarwa a kan gine-gine, gini da kuma bin ka'idodin garin - kuma hakan bai yi ba tukuna, in ji Kevin On Onya, yanzu yana aiki a Jami'ar Yammacin Virginia a Morgantown. Ya ce rashin karancin lambobin da ake ciki kuma ka'idodin sun haifar da matsaloli don gudanar da kayan aikin, saboda haka ya shiga kungiyar da ke bunkasa sabbin lambobin.
Wani ɓangare na Inertia na iya zama saboda tsoron juriya na Shagon, amma binciken 2021 na mutane a cikin cigaba na 16% sun gano cewa zuwa 80 kasashe, za su iya cinye shi? ').
Pam Elardo, wanda ke jagorantar gudanar da mulki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban muhalli na New York, ya ce tana goyon bayan kirkiro da kuma makasudin fitsari saboda mahimman albarkatun ta. Tana tsammanin wannan birni kamar New York, ingantacciyar hanya ce da tsada ta rikitar da fitsari na baya ko sababbin gine-gine. Idan masu kirkira zasu iya magance matsala, "ya kamata su yi aiki," in ji ta.
Bayar da wadannan ci gaba, Larsen ya annabta cewa samarwa da kuma sarrafa kayan aikin urrine na iya zama ba da nisa ba. Wannan zai inganta shari'ar kasuwancin don wannan sauyawa ta sharar gida. Umarni na urinary "shine dabara mai kyau," in ji ta. "Wannan shine kawai fasaha da zata iya magance matsalolin ci gida a cikin wani lokaci mai dacewa. Amma mutane dole ne su yi tunaninsu. "
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