Juyin Juyin Fitsari: Yadda Sake Fannin fitsari ke Taimakawa Ajiye Duniya

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Chelsea Wold ɗan jarida ne mai zaman kansa wanda ke Hague, Netherlands kuma marubucin Daydream: Neman Gaggawar Duniya don Canja Wuta.
Tsarin bayan gida na musamman yana fitar da nitrogen da sauran abubuwan gina jiki daga fitsari don amfani da su azaman taki da sauran kayayyaki.Kirkirar Hoto: MAK/Georg Mayer/EOOS MAI GABA
Gotland, tsibiri mafi girma a Sweden, yana da ɗan ƙaramin ruwa mai daɗi.A sa'i daya kuma, mazauna yankin suna kokawa da matakan gurbacewar yanayi daga aikin gona da najasa da ke haifar da furanni masu cutarwa a kusa da Tekun Baltic.Za su iya kashe kifi kuma su sa mutane rashin lafiya.
Don taimakawa wajen magance wannan jerin matsalolin muhalli, tsibirin yana sa begensa akan abu ɗaya da ba zai yuwu ba wanda ya ɗaure su: fitsarin ɗan adam.
Tun daga 2021, ƙungiyar binciken ta fara aiki tare da wani kamfani na gida wanda ke ba da hayar bandakuna masu ɗaukuwa.Manufar ita ce a tattara fiye da lita 70,000 na fitsari a cikin shekaru 3 a cikin fitsari mara ruwa da kuma bandaki da aka keɓe a wurare da yawa a lokacin bazara.Tawagar ta fito ne daga Jami'ar Kimiyyar Aikin Noma ta Sweden (SLU) da ke Uppsala, wanda ya kaddamar da wani kamfani mai suna Sanitation360.Ta hanyar amfani da tsarin da masu binciken suka bullo da shi, sun busar da fitsarin zuwa gungu-gungu kamar siminti, sai su nika su ya zama foda, sannan a matse su cikin tarkacen takin da ya dace da na'urorin gona.Manoman yankin na yin amfani da takin ne wajen noman sha’ir, inda daga nan sai a tura su wuraren sana’o’in noma don samar da alewar da za ta iya komawa cikin sake zagayowar bayan cin abinci.
Prithvi Simha, injiniyan sinadarai a SLU da CTO na Sanitation360, ta ce manufar masu binciken ita ce su "fiye da ra'ayi kuma a aiwatar da su" sake amfani da fitsari a babban sikelin.Manufar ita ce samar da samfurin da za a iya yin koyi da shi a duniya."Manufarmu ita ce kowa, a ko'ina, ya yi wannan atisayen."
A cikin gwaji a Gotland, an kwatanta sha'ir da aka haɗe da fitsari (dama) da tsire-tsire marasa taki (tsakiyar) da kuma takin ma'adinai (hagu).Hoton hoto: Jenna Senecal.
Aikin na Gotland wani bangare ne na irin wannan yunƙuri na duniya na raba fitsari da sauran ruwan sha da kuma sake sarrafa shi zuwa kayayyaki kamar taki.Al'adar wacce aka fi sani da karkatar da fitsari, kungiyoyi ne a kasashen Amurka, Australia, Switzerland, Habasha, da Afirka ta Kudu, da dai sauransu.Wannan kokarin ya wuce dakunan gwaje-gwaje na jami'a.An haɗa fitsarin marasa ruwa zuwa tsarin zubar da ƙasa a ofisoshi a Oregon da Netherlands.Paris na shirin kafa bandakuna masu karkatar da fitsari a cikin wani yanki na ecozone na mazauna 1,000 da ake ginawa a gundumar ta 14 ta birnin.Hukumar kula da sararin samaniyar Turai za ta sanya bandakuna 80 a hedkwatarta na Paris, wanda za a fara aiki nan gaba a wannan shekara.Masu fafutukar karkatar da fitsari sun ce za a iya samun amfani da su a wurare da suka hada da sansanonin soja na wucin gadi zuwa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira, cibiyoyin birane masu arziki da kuma kwararowar jama'a.
Masana kimiyya sun ce karkatar da fitsari, idan aka yi amfani da shi mai yawa a duniya, zai iya kawo babbar fa'ida ga muhalli da lafiyar jama'a.Wannan wani bangare ne saboda fitsari yana da wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki waɗanda ba sa gurɓata ruwa kuma ana iya amfani da su don takin amfanin gona ko a cikin hanyoyin masana'antu.Simha ta yi kiyasin cewa mutane suna samar da isasshen fitsari da zai maye gurbin kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na takin nitrogen da phosphate a duniya a halin yanzu;yana kuma ƙunshe da sinadarin potassium da abubuwan gano abubuwa da yawa (duba “Magungunan da ke cikin fitsari”).Mafi mahimmanci, ta hanyar ba da fitsari a cikin magudanar ruwa, kuna adana ruwa mai yawa kuma ku rage nauyin tsufa da tsarin magudanar ruwa.
A cewar masana a wannan fanni, da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da ke karkatar da fitsari za su iya samuwa nan ba da jimawa ba saboda ci gaban da aka samu a bayan gida da dabarun zubar da fitsari.Amma akwai kuma babban cikas ga canji na asali a ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan rayuwa.Masu bincike da kamfanoni suna buƙatar magance ɗimbin ƙalubale, tun daga haɓaka ƙirar banɗaki mai karkatar da fitsari zuwa sauƙaƙe sarrafa fitsari da kuma zama samfura masu mahimmanci.Wannan na iya haɗawa da tsarin kula da sinadarai da aka haɗa zuwa ɗakuna ɗaya ko kayan aikin ginshiki waɗanda ke hidima ga ginin gabaɗaya da samar da sabis don dawo da samfur mai tauri ko tauri (duba "Daga fitsari zuwa samfur").Bugu da kari, akwai batutuwan da suka fi fadi na canjin zamantakewa da karbuwa, wadanda ke da alaka da mabanbantan matakai na haramtacciyar al'adu da ke hade da sharar dan adam da kuma manyan tarurruka game da ruwan sharar masana'antu da tsarin abinci.
Yayin da al'umma ke fama da karancin makamashi, ruwa, da albarkatun kasa don noma da masana'antu, karkatar da fitsari da sake amfani da su "babban kalubale ne ga yadda muke samar da tsafta," in ji masanin halittu Lynn Broaddus, mai ba da shawara kan dorewar da ke Minneapolis.."Tsarin da zai zama mafi mahimmanci.Minnesota, shi ne tsohon Shugaban Hukumar Ruwa na Alexandria, Va., ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ruwa a duniya."Haƙiƙa wani abu ne mai daraja."
A da, fitsari ya kasance wani abu mai daraja.A da, wasu al’ummomi sun yi amfani da shi wajen yin takin amfanin gona, yin fata, wanke tufafi, da kuma yin foda.Bayan haka, a ƙarshen 19th da farkon ƙarni na 20th, tsarin zamani na sarrafa ruwa mai tsafta ya taso a Biritaniya kuma ya bazu ko'ina cikin duniya, wanda ya ƙare a cikin abin da ake kira makanta na fitsari.
A cikin wannan ƙirar, bandakuna suna amfani da ruwa don saurin zubar fitsari, najasa, da takarda bayan gida zuwa magudanar ruwa, gauraye da sauran ruwaye daga gida, wuraren masana'antu, wani lokacin magudanar ruwa.A cikin tsire-tsire masu kula da ruwa mai tsafta, matakai masu ƙarfi suna amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta don magance ruwan sha.
Dangane da ka'idojin gida da yanayin masana'antar jiyya, ruwan datti da aka fitar daga wannan tsari na iya ƙunsar yawan adadin nitrogen da sauran abubuwan gina jiki, da kuma wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa.Kashi 57% na al'ummar duniya ba su da alaƙa da tsarin magudanar ruwa kwata-kwata (duba "najasar ɗan adam").
Masana kimiyya suna aiki don sanya tsarin tsakiya ya zama mai dorewa da ƙarancin ƙazanta, amma farawa daga Sweden a cikin 1990s, wasu masu bincike suna matsawa don ƙarin canje-canje na asali.Ci gaban da aka samu a ƙarshen bututun bututun "wani juyin halitta iri ɗaya ne," in ji Nancy Love, injiniyan muhalli a Jami'ar Michigan a Ann Arbor.Karkatar da fitsari zai zama "mai canzawa," in ji ta.A cikin nazari na 1, wanda ya kwaikwayi tsarin kula da ruwan datti a jihohi uku na Amurka, ita da abokan aikinta sun kwatanta tsarin kula da ruwan sha na al'ada da tsarin sarrafa ruwan datti wanda ke karkatar da fitsari da amfani da sinadarai da aka samu maimakon takin zamani.Sun yi kiyasin cewa al'ummomin da ke amfani da karkatar da fitsari na iya rage yawan hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kashi 47 cikin 100, yawan amfani da makamashi da kashi 41 cikin 100, yawan ruwan da ake amfani da shi da kusan rabin, da gurbacewar ruwa mai gina jiki da kashi 64%.fasahar amfani.
Koyaya, ra'ayin ya kasance mai kyau kuma yana iyakance ga yankuna masu cin gashin kansu kamar ƙauyen Scandinavia, gine-ginen karkara, da ci gaba a cikin yankuna masu ƙarancin kuɗi.
Tove Larsen, wani injiniyan sinadarai a Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Switzerland (Eawag) da ke Dübendorf, ya ce mafi yawan koma bayan bayan gida ne ke haifar da su.Da farko an fara gabatar da shi kasuwa a shekarun 1990 zuwa 2000, galibin bandakunan da ke karkatar da fitsari suna da wata ‘yar karamar kwano a gabansu domin tattara ruwan, yanayin da ke bukatar a yi niyya a hankali.Sauran ƙira sun haɗa da bel ɗin isar da ƙafa wanda ke ba da damar fitsari ya zube yayin da ake jigilar taki zuwa kwandon takin, ko na'urorin firikwensin da ke sarrafa bawul don kai fitsari zuwa wani waje daban.
Ana yin gwajin bayan gida samfurin da ke raba fitsari da bushewa ya zama foda a hedkwatar kamfanin ruwa da magudanar ruwa na Sweden VA SYD da ke Malmö.Kirjin Hoto: EOOS NA Gaba
Amma a cikin ayyukan gwaji da zanga-zanga a Turai, mutane ba su rungumi amfani da su ba, in ji Larsen, yana korafin cewa suna da girma, wari da rashin dogaro."Da gaske ne batun bandaki ya kore mu."
Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da farkon amfani da banɗaki mai karkatar da fitsari, aikin da aka yi a birnin Ethekwini na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 2000s.Anthony Odili, wanda ya karanci harkokin kula da lafiya a jami’ar KwaZulu-Natal da ke Durban, ya ce kwatsam fadada iyakokin birnin bayan wariyar launin fata ya sa hukumomi suka karbe wasu yankunan karkara da ba su da bandaki da ruwa.
Bayan barkewar cutar kwalara a cikin watan Agustan 2000, cikin gaggawa hukumomi sun tura wuraren tsaftar muhalli da dama wadanda suka fuskanci matsalolin kudi da na aiki, ciki har da wasu busassun bandakuna 80,000 da ke karkatar da fitsari, yawancinsu har yanzu ana amfani da su.Fitsari na shiga cikin kasa daga karkashin bayan gida, kuma najasa yana zuwa wurin ajiyar kaya da birnin ke kwashe duk shekara biyar tun daga shekarar 2016.
Odili ya ce aikin ya samar da ingantattun wuraren tsaftar muhalli a yankin.Koyaya, binciken kimiyyar zamantakewa ya gano matsaloli da yawa game da shirin.Duk da ra'ayin cewa bandakuna sun fi komai kyau, bincike, ciki har da wasu nazarin da ya shiga, daga baya ya nuna cewa masu amfani da su gabaɗaya ba sa son su, in ji Odili.Yawancin su an gina su da ƙarancin kayan aiki kuma ba su da daɗi don amfani.Yayin da ya kamata irin waɗannan wuraren bayan gida su hana ƙamshi, fitsarin da ke cikin bandakunan eThekwini yakan ƙare a wurin ajiyar najasar, yana haifar da mugun wari.A cewar Odili, mutane “ba su iya yin numfashi yadda ya kamata.”Haka kuma, a zahiri ba a amfani da fitsari.
Daga karshe, a cewar Odili, shawarar bullo da busassun bandaki masu karkatar da fitsari sama-sama ne kuma ba a yi la’akari da abubuwan da mutane suke so ba, musamman saboda dalilan kiwon lafiyar jama’a.Wani bincike na 20173 ya gano cewa fiye da kashi 95% na masu amsa eThekwini suna son samun dama ga ɗakunan banɗaki masu dacewa, marasa wari waɗanda mazaunan farar fata masu arziki ke amfani da su, kuma da yawa sun yi shirin girka su idan yanayi ya yarda.A Afirka ta Kudu, bayan gida ya daɗe yana zama alamar rashin daidaiton launin fata.
Koyaya, sabon ƙirar na iya zama ci gaba a cikin karkatar da fitsari.A cikin 2017, jagorancin mai zane Harald Grundl, tare da haɗin gwiwar Larsen da sauransu, kamfanin ƙirar Austrian EOOS (wanda aka zana daga EOOS Na gaba) ya saki tarkon fitsari.Wannan yana kawar da buƙatar mai amfani ya yi niyya, kuma aikin karkatar da fitsari kusan ba a iya gani (duba "Sabon irin bandaki").
Yana amfani da dabi'ar ruwa don mannewa saman (wanda ake kira tasirin kettle saboda yana aiki kamar tukunyar ɗigo mara kyau) don sarrafa fitsari daga gaban bayan gida zuwa wani rami daban (duba "Yadda ake Maimaita fitsari"). An haɓaka shi tare da kudade daga Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates a Seattle, Washington, wacce ta goyi bayan faɗuwar bincike a cikin ƙirƙira bayan gida don saitunan masu ƙarancin shiga, tarkon fitsari za a iya haɗa shi cikin komai daga ƙirar yumbu mai tsayi mai tsayi zuwa squat filastik. kwanon rufi. An haɓaka shi tare da kudade daga Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates a Seattle, Washington, wacce ta goyi bayan faɗuwar bincike a cikin ƙirƙira bayan gida don saitunan masu ƙarancin shiga, tarkon fitsari za a iya haɗa shi cikin komai daga ƙirar yumbu mai tsayi mai tsayi zuwa squat filastik. kwanon rufi. An haɓaka shi tare da kudade daga Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates a Seattle, Washington, wacce ta tallafawa nau'ikan binciken ƙirƙira ƙarancin kuɗi na bayan gida, ana iya gina tarkon fitsari a cikin komai daga samfura tare da matakan yumbu zuwa squats na filastik.tukwane. An haɓaka shi tare da kuɗi daga Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates a Seattle, Washington, wanda ke tallafawa bincike mai zurfi kan ƙirar banɗaki mai ƙarancin kuɗi, ana iya gina mai tara fitsari a cikin komai daga ƙirar yumbu mai tsayi mai tsayi zuwa tiren squat filastik.Kamfanin ƙera LAUFEN na Switzerland ya riga ya fitar da samfur mai suna "Ajiye!"ga kasuwannin Turai, kodayake farashin sa ya yi yawa ga masu amfani da yawa.
Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal da majalisar birnin eThekwini suma suna gwajin nau'ikan bandaki na tarkon fitsari wanda zai iya karkatar da fitsari da fitar da wasu abubuwa.A wannan lokacin, binciken ya fi mayar da hankali ga masu amfani.Odie yana da kwarin gwiwar cewa mutane za su gwammace sabbin bandakunan da ke karkatar da fitsari saboda sun fi wari kuma sun fi saukin amfani da su, amma ya lura cewa dole ne maza su zauna su yi fitsari, wanda hakan babban al’ada ne.Amma idan bandakuna "suma an karbe su da kuma karbe su daga unguwannin masu samun kudin shiga - ta mutanen da suka fito daga kabilu daban-daban - zai taimaka kwarai da gaske," in ji shi."Koyaushe dole ne mu sami ruwan tabarau na launin fata," in ji shi, don tabbatar da cewa ba su haɓaka wani abu da ake gani a matsayin "baƙar fata kawai" ko "talakawa kawai."
Rabewar fitsari shine kawai mataki na farko na canza tsafta.Bangare na gaba shine gano abin da za a yi game da shi.A yankunan karkara, mutane na iya ajiye shi a cikin tururuwa don kashe duk wata cuta sannan a shafa ta a gonaki.Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya tana ba da shawarwari don wannan aikin.
Amma yanayin birni ya fi rikitarwa - a nan ne ake samar da mafi yawan fitsari.Ba zai yi amfani ba a gina magudanun ruwa daban-daban a ko'ina cikin birni don isar da fitsari zuwa tsakiyar wuri.Kuma saboda fitsari kusan kashi 95 cikin 100 na ruwa ne, yana da tsadar gaske wajen adanawa da jigilar kaya.Don haka, masu bincike suna mai da hankali kan bushewa, tattarawa, ko kuma fitar da sinadarai daga fitsari a matakin bayan gida ko gini, barin ruwa a baya.
Ba zai zama da sauƙi ba, in ji Larson.Daga ra'ayi na injiniya, "piss shine mummunan bayani," in ji ta.Baya ga ruwa, mafi rinjaye shine urea, wani sinadari mai arzikin nitrogen wanda jiki ke samarwa a matsayin sinadari na gina jiki.Urea yana da amfani da kansa: sigar roba shine takin nitrogen gama gari (duba Abubuwan Buƙatun Nitrogen).Amma kuma yana da wayo: idan aka haɗe shi da ruwa, urea ya zama ammonia, wanda ke ba wa fitsari irin wari.Idan ba a kunna ba, ammonia na iya wari, gurɓata iska, kuma ta ɗauke nitrogen mai daraja.An daidaita shi ta hanyar urease enzyme mai girma, wannan amsa, da ake kira urea hydrolysis, na iya ɗaukar microsecond da yawa, yana sa urease ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun enzymes da aka sani.
Wasu hanyoyin suna ba da izinin hydrolysis don ci gaba.Masu binciken Eawag sun ɓullo da wani tsari na ci gaba wanda ke juyar da fitsarin ruwa zuwa madaidaicin bayani na gina jiki.Na farko, a cikin akwatin kifaye, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna canza ammonia maras tabbas zuwa ammonium nitrate mara maras ƙarfi, taki na kowa.Distiller sannan ya tattara ruwan.Wani reshen da ake kira Vuna, wanda kuma ke zaune a Dübendorf, yana aiki don sayar da tsarin gine-gine da samfurin da ake kira Aurin, wanda aka amince da shi a Switzerland don shuka abinci a karon farko a duniya.
Wasu suna ƙoƙarin dakatar da halayen hydrolysis ta hanyar haɓaka ko rage pH na fitsari da sauri, wanda yawanci tsaka tsaki ne lokacin da aka cire shi.A harabar Jami'ar Michigan, Ƙauna tana haɗin gwiwa tare da Cibiyar Abun Ciki ta Duniya mai zaman kanta a Brattleboro, Vermont, don haɓaka tsarin gine-ginen da ke kawar da ruwan 'ya'yan itace citric acid daga karkatar da bayan gida da bandakuna marasa ruwa.Ruwa yana fitowa daga fitsari.Fitsarin kuma yana tattarawa ta hanyar maimaita daskarewa da narke5.
Tawagar SLU karkashin jagorancin injiniyan muhalli Bjorn Winneros a tsibirin Gotland sun samar da wata hanya ta busar da fitsari zuwa gauraye da sauran sinadaran gina jiki.Tawagar ta tantance sabon samfurin su, ɗakin bayan gida mai zaman kansa tare da na'urar bushewa, a hedkwatar kamfanin ruwa da magudanar ruwa na Sweden VA SYD a Malmö.
Sauran hanyoyin sun yi niyya ga abubuwan gina jiki guda ɗaya a cikin fitsari.Za a iya shigar da su cikin sauƙi cikin sarƙoƙin samar da takin zamani da sinadarai na masana'antu, in ji injiniyan sinadarai William Tarpeh, wani tsohon jami'in karatun digiri a Love's wanda yanzu ke Jami'ar Stanford a California.
Hanya ta yau da kullun na maido da phosphorus daga fitsari mai ruwa shine ƙari na magnesium, wanda ke haifar da hazo na taki mai suna struvite.Tarpeh yana gwaji tare da granules na kayan adsorbent wanda zai iya zaɓin cire nitrogen azaman ammonia6 ko phosphorus azaman phosphate.Tsarinsa yana amfani da wani ruwa daban da ake kira regenerant wanda ke gudana ta cikin balloons bayan sun kare.Mai sake farfadowa yana ɗaukar abubuwan gina jiki kuma yana sabunta kwallaye don zagaye na gaba.Wannan ƙananan fasaha ne, hanyar da ba ta dace ba, amma sake farfado da kasuwanci ba shi da kyau ga muhalli.Yanzu ƙungiyarsa tana ƙoƙarin yin samfura masu rahusa kuma mafi ƙarancin muhalli (duba "Lalacewar Gaba").
Sauran masu bincike suna haɓaka hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar sanya fitsari a cikin ƙwayoyin mai.A birnin Cape Town na kasar Afirka ta Kudu, wata tawagar ta bullo da wata hanya ta yin tubalin ginin da ba na al'ada ba ta hanyar hada fitsari da yashi da kwayoyin cuta masu fitar da urease a cikin wani tsari.Suna ƙirga zuwa kowace siffa ba tare da harbi ba.Hukumar kula da sararin samaniyar Turai na daukar fitsarin 'yan sama jannati a matsayin hanyar gina gidaje a duniyar wata.
"Lokacin da na yi tunani game da fa'idan makomar sake yin amfani da fitsari da kuma sake amfani da ruwan sha, muna son samun damar samar da kayayyaki da yawa gwargwadon yiwuwa," in ji Tarpeh.
Yayin da masu bincike ke bibiyar ra'ayoyi daban-daban don haɓaka fitsari, sun san yaƙin sama ne, musamman ga masana'anta mai tushe.Kamfanonin sarrafa taki da abinci, manoma, masu kera bayan gida da masu kula da su sun yi jinkirin yin sauye-sauye ga ayyukansu."Akwai rashin hankali da yawa a nan," in ji Simcha.
Misali, a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, bincike da shigar da ilimi na adana LAUFEN!Hakan ya hada da kashe kudade kan gine-gine, gini da bin ka'idojin birni - kuma ba a yi hakan ba tukuna, in ji Kevin Ona, injiniyan muhalli wanda yanzu ke aiki a Jami'ar West Virginia a Morgantown.Ya ce rashin ka’idoji da ka’idojin da ake da su ya haifar da matsala ga kula da kayayyakin, don haka ya shiga kungiyar da ke samar da sabbin ka’idoji.
Wani ɓangare na rashin kuzari na iya kasancewa saboda tsoron juriya na masu siyayya, amma binciken 2021 na mutane a cikin ƙasashe 167 ya gano cewa a wurare kamar Faransa, China da Uganda, shirye-shiryen cin abinci mai ƙarfi na fitsari ya kusan kusan 80% (duba mutane za su ci abinci). ina?').
Pam Elardo, wacce ke jagorantar hukumar kula da ruwan sha a matsayin mataimakiyar mai kula da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta birnin New York, ta ce tana goyon bayan kirkire-kirkire irin su karkatar da fitsari saboda manyan manufofin kamfaninta su ne kara rage gurbatar yanayi da sake sarrafa albarkatun.Tana sa ran cewa ga birni kamar New York, hanya mafi amfani da tsada don karkatar da fitsari za ta kasance tsarin kashe-gizo a cikin sake gyarawa ko sabbin gine-gine, wanda aka ƙara ta hanyar kulawa da ayyukan tarawa.Idan masu kirkiro za su iya magance matsala, "ya kamata su yi aiki," in ji ta.
Idan aka ba da waɗannan ci gaban, Larsen ya annabta cewa yawan samarwa da sarrafa fasahar karkatar da fitsari bazai yi nisa ba.Wannan zai inganta yanayin kasuwanci don wannan canji zuwa sarrafa sharar gida.Juyar da fitsari "dabara ce da ta dace," in ji ta."Wannan ita ce kawai fasaha da za ta iya magance matsalolin cin abinci a gida cikin lokaci mai ma'ana.Amma dole ne mutane su yanke shawara. "
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Noe-Hays, A., Mai gida, RJ, Davis, AP & Ƙauna, NG ACS EST Engg. Noe-Hays , A. , Mai gida , RJ , Davis , AP & Love , NG ACS EST Engg. Noe-Hays, A., Mai gida, RJ, Davis, AP & Ƙauna, NG ACS EST Engg. Noe-Hays , A. , Mai gida , RJ , Davis , AP & Love , NG ACS EST Engg. Noe-Hays, A., Mai gida, RJ, Davis, AP & Love, NG ACS EST Engg. Noe-Hays , A. , Mai gida , RJ , Davis , AP & Love , NG ACS EST Engg. Noe-Hays, A., Mai gida, RJ, Davis, AP & Ƙauna, NG ACS EST Engg. Noe-Hays , A. , Mai gida , RJ , Davis , AP & Love , NG ACS EST Engg.doi.org/10.1021/access.1c00271 (2021 г.).


Lokacin aikawa: Nuwamba-06-2022