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A 'yan watannin da suka gabata, hayaki ya rika tashi daga manyan gidajen hayaki a wajen birnin Meerut a Uttar Pradesh.Makarantun sukari a jihohin arewacin Indiya suna aiwatar da dogon bel na ƙugiya mai zazzaɓi a lokacin niƙan rake, daga Oktoba zuwa Afrilu.Ana kona sharar shukar jika don samar da wutar lantarki, kuma hayakin da ya biyo baya ya rataya a fili.Duk da haka, duk da alamun aiki, samar da rake don ciyar da masana'antu yana raguwa.
Arun Kumar Singh, wani manomin rake mai shekaru 35 daga ƙauyen Nanglamal, tafiyar kusan rabin sa'a daga Meerut, ya damu.A lokacin girma na 2021-2022, an rage noman rake na Singh da kusan 30% - yawanci yana tsammanin kilogiram 140,000 a gonarsa mai girman hekta 5, amma a bara ya sami kilogiram 100,000.
Singh ya dora alhakin tsananin zafin da aka yi a bara, da lokacin damina da kuma kamuwa da kwari a kan rashin girbi.Bukatar rake mai yawa yana ƙarfafa manoma su yi noma sabo, mafi yawan amfanin ƙasa amma ba su iya daidaitawa, in ji shi.Da yake nuni da filin nasa, ya ce, “An bullo da wannan nau’in ne kimanin shekaru takwas da suka wuce kuma yana bukatar karin ruwa a duk shekara.Ko ta yaya, babu isasshen ruwa a yankinmu.”
Al'ummar da ke kusa da Nanglamala wata cibiya ce ta samar da ethanol daga sukari kuma tana cikin mafi girman jihar da ke samar da rake a Indiya.Amma a Uttar Pradesh da kuma a duk faɗin Indiya, noman rake na raguwa.A halin da ake ciki, gwamnatin tsakiya tana son masana'antar sukari su yi amfani da rarar rake don samar da ƙarin ethanol.
Ana iya samun Ethanol daga esters petrochemical ko kuma daga sukari, masara da hatsi, wanda aka sani da bioethanol ko biofuels.Saboda ana iya sake farfado da waɗannan amfanin gona, an rarraba man halittu a matsayin tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa.
Indiya tana samar da sukari fiye da yadda take cinyewa.A cikin kakar 2021-22 ya samar da tan miliyan 39.4 na sukari.A cewar gwamnati, yawan amfanin gida ya kai tan miliyan 26 a kowace shekara.Tun daga shekarar 2019, Indiya ta yi fama da ciwon sukari ta hanyar fitar da mafi yawansa (fiye da tan miliyan 10 a bara), amma ministocin sun ce ya fi dacewa a yi amfani da shi don samar da ethanol saboda yana nufin masana'antu na iya samar da sauri.Biya kuma sami ƙarin kuɗi.kwarara.
Indiya kuma tana shigo da mai da yawa: tan miliyan 185 na fetur a cikin 2020-2021 wanda darajarsa ta kai dala biliyan 55, a cewar wani rahoto da wata cibiyar bincike ta gwamnati Niti Aayog.Don haka, ana ba da shawarar haɗa ethanol tare da man fetur a matsayin hanyar yin amfani da sukari, wanda ba a cinye shi a cikin gida, yayin da ake samun 'yancin kai na makamashi.Niti Aayog ya yi kiyasin cewa hadakar ethanol da man fetur mai karfin 20:80 zai ceci kasar a kalla dala biliyan 4 a shekara nan da shekarar 2025. A bara, Indiya ta yi amfani da tan miliyan 3.6, ko kuma kashi 9, na sukari wajen samar da sinadarin ethanol, kuma ta yi niyya don samar da sinadarin ethanol. ya kai tan miliyan 4.5-5 a cikin 2022-2023.
A cikin 2003, Gwamnatin Indiya ta ƙaddamar da shirin ethanol-blended man fetur (EBP) tare da manufa ta farko na cakuda ethanol 5%.A halin yanzu, ethanol yana da kusan kashi 10 cikin ɗari na haɗuwa.Gwamnatin Indiya ta tsara manufar kaiwa ga kashi 20% nan da shekarar 2025-2026, kuma manufar ita ce cin nasara kamar yadda "za ta taimaka wa Indiya wajen karfafa tsaron makamashi, ba da damar kasuwancin gida da manoma su shiga cikin tattalin arzikin makamashi da kuma ragewa. hayakin abin hawa.”kafa masana'antar sukari da fadadawa, tun daga 2018 gwamnati ke ba da shirin tallafi da taimakon kudi ta hanyar lamuni.
"Kayayyakin ethanol suna inganta konewa gaba daya tare da rage hayakin motoci kamar su hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide da particulates," in ji gwamnati, ta kara da cewa kashi 20 cikin 100 na sinadarin ethanol a cikin abin hawa mai kafa hudu zai rage fitar da carbon monoxide da kashi 30 cikin 100 tare da rage hayakin ruwa. fitar da hayaki.da 30%.20% idan aka kwatanta da fetur.
Lokacin da aka ƙone, ethanol yana samar da 20-40% ƙasa da iskar CO2 fiye da man fetur na al'ada kuma ana iya la'akari da tsaka tsaki na carbon kamar yadda tsire-tsire ke sha CO2 yayin da suke girma.
Sai dai masana sun yi gargadin cewa hakan ya yi watsi da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a cikin sarkar samar da sinadarin ethanol.Wani binciken da Amurka ta gudanar a shekarar da ta gabata ya gano cewa ethanol zai iya zama fiye da kashi 24 cikin dari fiye da na man fetur saboda hayaki daga canjin amfani da ƙasa, karuwar amfani da taki da lalacewar muhalli.Tun daga shekara ta 2001, hekta 660,000 na fili a Indiya an mayar da su zuwa rake, kamar yadda alkalumman gwamnati suka nuna.
"Ethanol na iya zama mai karfin carbon kamar mai mai saboda iskar carbon daga canje-canjen amfani da ƙasa don amfanin gona, haɓaka albarkatun ruwa da kuma dukkanin tsarin samar da ethanol," in ji Devinder Sharma, masanin aikin gona da kasuwanci.“Duba Jamus.Bayan an fahimci hakan, a halin yanzu an kara samun kwarin gwiwa kan al'adun gargajiya."
Masana sun kuma nuna damuwa cewa yunkurin yin amfani da rake don samar da ethanol na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga samar da abinci.
Sudhir Panwar, masanin kimiyyar noma kuma tsohon memba a Hukumar Tsare-tsare ta Jihar Uttar Pradesh, ya ce yayin da farashin rake zai kara dogaro da mai, "za a kira shi amfanin gona mai kuzari."Wannan, in ji shi, “zai haifar da karin wuraren da ake noman noma, wanda zai rage yawan amfanin gonakin kasa da kuma sa amfanin gona ya fi kamuwa da kwari.Hakan kuma zai haifar da karancin abinci domin za a karkatar da kasa da ruwa zuwa noman makamashi.”
A jihar Uttar Pradesh, jami'an kungiyar Sugar Mills ta Indiya (ISMA) da masu noman rake na Uttar Pradesh sun shaida wa jaridar The Uttar Pole cewa a halin yanzu ba a amfani da manyan filaye wajen yin sikari don biyan bukatu mai girma.A maimakon haka, in ji su, karuwar noman ya zo ne sakamakon rigimar da ake da su da kuma ayyukan noma masu tsauri.
Sonjoy Mohanty, Shugaba na ISMA, ya ce yawan wadatar da sukari a Indiya a halin yanzu yana nufin cewa "cima burin 20% na hadakar ethanol ba zai zama matsala ba.""Idan muka ci gaba, burinmu ba shine mu kara yawan fili ba, amma don kara yawan noma don kara yawan noma," in ji shi.
Yayin da tallafin gwamnati da hauhawar farashin ethanol ke amfanar masana’antar sukari, manomi Naglamal Arun Kumar Singh ya ce manoman ba su ci gajiyar manufar ba.
Yawan rake ana shuka shi daga yankan kuma amfanin gona yana raguwa bayan shekaru biyar zuwa bakwai.Tunda masana'antar sukari na buƙatar adadin sucrose mai yawa, an shawarci manoma da su canza zuwa sabbin nau'ikan kuma suyi amfani da takin mai magani da magungunan kashe qwari.
Singh ya ce baya ga fama da lalacewar yanayi kamar yanayin zafi na bara, nau'in da ake nomawa a gonarsa da ake nomawa a duk fadin Indiya na bukatar karin taki da magungunan kashe kwari a kowace shekara."Saboda sau ɗaya kawai na yi fesa a kowace amfanin gona, wani lokacin kuma fiye da sau ɗaya, na yi fesa sau bakwai a bana," in ji shi.
“Kwallar maganin kashe kwari ta kai dala 22 kuma tana aiki a kan gonaki kimanin eka uku.Ina da [kadada 30] na fili kuma dole ne in fesa shi sau bakwai ko takwas a wannan kakar.Gwamnati na iya kara yawan ribar da ake samu a masana'antar ethanol, amma me muke samu.Farashin rake iri ɗaya ne, $4 bisa ɗari [kilogram 100],” in ji Sundar Tomar, wani manomi daga Naglamal.
Sharma ya ce noman rake ya kare ruwan karkashin kasa a yammacin Uttar Pradesh, yankin da ke fuskantar sauyin ruwan sama da fari.Har ila yau, masana'antu na gurɓata koguna ta hanyar zubar da abubuwa masu yawa a cikin magudanar ruwa: masana'antar sukari ita ce tushen mafi girma na ruwa a jihar.Tsawon lokaci, wannan zai sa yin wahala wajen noman sauran amfanin gona, in ji Sharma, wanda ke yin barazana kai tsaye ga tsaron abinci na Indiya.
"A Maharashtra, jiha ta biyu mafi girma wajen samar da rake a kasar, kashi 70 cikin 100 na ruwan ban ruwa ana amfani da su wajen noman rake, wanda kashi 4 ne kawai na noman jihar," in ji shi.
“Mun fara samar da lita miliyan 37 na ethanol a kowace shekara kuma mun sami izinin fadada samar da kayayyaki.Haɓaka noman ya kawo tsayayyen kudin shiga ga manoma.Mun kuma yi maganin kusan dukkan ruwan dattin shuka,” in ji Rajendra Kandpal, Shugaba., Naglamal sugar factory don bayyana.
“Muna bukatar mu koya wa manoma su takaita amfani da takin zamani da magungunan kashe qwari sannan su koma noman ruwa ko yayyafa ruwa.Dangane da rake mai yawan shan ruwa, wannan ba abin damuwa ba ne, tunda jihar Uttar Pradesh tana da wadataccen ruwa.”Wannan ya fito ne daga Ƙungiyar Sugar Mills ta Indiya (ISMA) Abinash Verma, tsohon Shugaba.Verma ya haɓaka tare da aiwatar da manufofin gwamnatin tsakiya kan sukari, rake da ethanol, kuma ya buɗe nasa shuka ethanol a Bihar a cikin 2022.
Dangane da rahotannin raguwar noman rake a Indiya, Panwar ya yi kashedi game da maimaita abin da Brazil ta samu a shekarar 2009-2013, lokacin da yanayi mara kyau ya haifar da raguwar noman rake da kuma rage samar da ethanol.
"Ba za mu iya cewa ethanol yana da alaƙa da muhalli ba, idan aka yi la'akari da duk farashin da kasar ke kashewa don samar da ethanol, matsin lamba kan albarkatun kasa da kuma tasirin lafiyar manoma," in ji Panwar.
Muna ƙarfafa ku don sake buga Pole na Uku akan layi ko a buga a ƙarƙashin lasisin Creative Commons.Da fatan za a karanta jagorar sake bugawa don farawa.
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