A ƙasa na dutsen dutse a tsakiyar antarctica ba ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.
A karo na farko, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa akwai wani rai a cikin ƙasa a saman duniya. Aasa ta zo daga biyu iska-iska, Rocky Ridges a cikin Antarctica ta ciki, mil 300 daga Poland na kudu, inda dubun ƙafafun kankara suka shiga cikin tsaunuka.
"Mutane koyaushe suna tunanin cewa ƙwayoyin sun kasance masu hardy kuma suna iya rayuwa a ko'ina," in ji Nuhu mai ilmin kan hukumomi a Jami'ar Colorado wanda kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kungiyar ta yi nazarin ƙasa. Bayan haka, an samo kwayoyin da aka selled guda biyu a cikin hydrothermal da suka wuce 200 digiri na sama, a cikin tabkuna a cikin Antartica, har ma da ƙafafunsu 120,000 sama da matakai 120,000 a sama da strammes. Amma bayan shekara guda na aiki, Ferrer da Dokokin Docracas Nicholas Dragon har yanzu ba su sami alamun rayuwa a cikin ƙasa ta antarwa da suka tattara.
Fireron da kuma cire ƙasa na ciyayi daga tsaunuka na tsaunuka 11, wanda ke wakiltar yanayi mai yawa. Wadanda suka fito daga ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ruwa mai sanyi dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da fungi. Amma a wasu duwatsun na mafi girma, mafi bushewa da sanyi tsauni-mafi sanyi babu alamun rayuwa.
"Ba za mu iya cewa suna bakararre ba," in ji Ferrer. Masana ilimin kimiya na microbiologist sun saba da neman miliyoyin sel a cikin teaspoon na kasar gona. Sabili da haka, adadi kaɗan (misali sel 100 mai yiwuwa) na iya tserewa. "Amma gwargwadon yadda muka sani, ba su da wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta."
Ko wasu ƙasa da gaske ba su da rai ko daga baya sun gano don ɗaukar sel, kwanan nan an buga sabon binciken kwanan nan a cikin binciken rayuwa akan duniyar Mars. Kasar Antarctic shine dindindin, cike da silts masu guba, kuma bashi da ruwa mai ruwa na tsawon shekaru miliyan biyu masu kama da Martanian.
An tattara su yayin tafiya ta Kimiyya ta Kimiyya a Janairu 2018 zuwa wuraren nesa na tsaunukan Transantarcactic. Suna wucewa ta cikin ciki na nahiyar, raba babban plateau a gabas daga kankara mai kwance a yamma. Masana ilimin kimiyya sun kafa sansanin a kan Shackleton Glacier, mai isar da icean ice din wanda ke gudana a cikin tsaunuka. Sun yi amfani da heliko su tashi zuwa babban altitudes da tattara samfurori sama da ƙasa da glacier.
A cikin tsaunuka mai dumi, rigar ruwa a ƙafar ƙafa ɗari, kawai 'yan ƙafa ɗari da ɗari: Dabbobin Murfuruwan Tardigrades, masu jujjuyawar ƙwayar cuta takwas, masu jujjuyawa da ƙananan tsutsotsi. da ake kira Wandreetails. Fincin kwari. Wadannan bare, kasa yashi suna dauke da kasa da dubu daya yawan ƙwayoyin cuta, isa ya samar da abinci don karamar herbivores a karkashin kasa.
Amma waɗannan alamun rayuwa sannu a hankali sun bace yayin da kungiyar ta ziyarta mafi girma cikin zurfafa cikin glacier. A saman glacier, sun ziyarci duwatsun biyu-dutsen Schroeder da kuma dutsen Roberts-wanda ke sama da ƙafa 7,000 ƙafa.
Ziyarar zuwa tsallakawar schroeder wani mummunan tsauni ne, ya tuno Cleron Adams, masanin masanin ilimin halitta a Provo, Utah, wanda ya jagoranci aikin. A zazzabi a wannan ranar bazara tana kusa da 0 ° F. Hawan hutawa a hankali ya fitar da kankara da dusar ƙanƙara, ya bar tsaunukan da suka haife su da jefa shebur na lambun da suka kawo su tono. An rufe ƙasa a cikin manyan duwatsun wutar lantarki waɗanda aka lalata akan ɗaruruwan miliyoyin shekaru da ruwan sama, sun bar su pitted da goge.
Lokacin da masana kimiyya suka dauke dutsen, sai suka gano cewa an rufe gindi tare da muryoyin farin lu'ulu'u mai guba da lu'ulu'u na walwala, chlorate, da nitrate. Perchloates da chllates, salts mai ɗaci da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin mai roka mai da kuma busharar masana'antu, ana samun su sosai a saman duniyar Mars. Ba tare da wani ruwa da za a wanke ba, gishiri ya tara akan waɗannan busassun tsaunukan Anarractic.
"Ya zama kamar samfuri akan duniyar Mars," in ji Adams. Lokacin da kuka mika felu a, "Kun san kai ne na farko da zai riki da ƙasa a har abada-wataƙila miliyoyin shekaru."
Masu binciken sun ba da shawarar cewa ko da a irin wannan babban altitudes kuma a cikin yanayi mai tsauri, za su sami ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙasa. Amma waɗancan tsammanin sun fara tsunduma a ƙarshen 2018, lokacin da Dragon ta yi amfani da dabarar da ake kira Polymeras sarkar dauki (PCR) don gano kayan kwalliya a cikin datti. Dragon ta gwada samfurori 204 daga tsaunuka sama da ƙasa da glacier. Samfurori daga ƙananan, tsaunuka masu sanyaya sun ba da DNA da yawa; Amma yawancin samfurori (20%) daga manyan altitudes, gami da mafi yawan daga Dutsen Schroeder da Roberts Massed, ba a gwada cewa sun ƙunshi ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta ko wataƙila ba ko kaɗan.
"Lokacin da ya fara nuna min wani sakamako, na yi tunani, 'wani abu ba daidai ba,' in ji ferrell. Yayi tunanin cewa dole ne ya kasance wani abu ba daidai ba tare da samfurin ko kayan lab.
Doka ta gudanar da jerin ƙarin gwaje-gwajen don bincika alamun rayuwa. Ya bi da ƙasa tare da glucose don ganin idan wasu halittu a cikin ƙasa sun canza shi ne a carbon dioxide. Yana ƙoƙarin gano sinadarai da ake kira ATP, wanda duk rayuwa yake a duniya don adana makamashi. A cikin watanni da yawa, ya dasa ƙasa na ƙasa a cikin gaurayawan abinci mai gina jiki, ƙoƙarin shawo kan ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta don girma cikin mazauna.
"Nick ya jefa dafa abinci a cikin waɗannan samfurori," in ji ferrell. Duk da waɗannan gwaje-gwajen, bai sami komai a wasu ƙasa ba. "Yana da matukar mamaki."
Jacqueline Gdial, wani sabon mahimmancin muhalli a Jami'ar Guelph a Kanada, yana kiran sakamakon "Ingantarwa," musamman ƙoƙarin dragon yana tasiri da yiwuwar gano ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin wurin da aka bayar. Ya gano cewa babban tsayi da kuma yawan kwalliyar su shine mafi girman annabta na rashin gazawa don gano rayuwa. "Wannan gano ne mai ban sha'awa sosai," in ji Barcelona. "Wannan yana gaya mana abubuwa da yawa game da iyakokin rayuwa a duniya."
Ba ta yarda cewa kasarsu ba ta da rai da gaske, bangare saboda abubuwan da suke samu a wani bangare na Antarctica.
Shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, ta yi nazarin ƙasa daga tsaunuka masu kama da gunaguni da ke arewa maso yamma da ke arewa maso yammacinsu. Lokacin da ta sanya shi na watanni 20 a 23 ° F, wata hanyar bazara mai bazara a cikin kwarin, ƙasa ta nuna alamun rayuwa. Amma lokacin da ta yi wa samfuran ƙasa saspan digiri a sama daskarewa, wasu nuna cigaban ƙwayar cuta.
Misali, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta sun kasance masu rai koda bayan dubban shekaru a glaciers. Lokacin da suka kama su, sel ta metabolism na iya rage sau miliyan. Suna shiga cikin yanayin da ba su da girma, amma kawai gyara DNA lalacewa ta hanyar cosmic rums shiga cikin kankara. Goodyear ya tantance cewa wadannan "wadanda suka tsira" na iya zama wadanda ta samu a kwarin kwaleji, da kashe gobara ya same su a cikin Roberts Massif ko Schroeder Mountain.
Brent Christner, wanda ya karvi kantin Artaroctic a Jami'ar Florida a Sansesville, ya yi imanin cewa wadannan manyan-hankali, busassun kasa na iya taimakawa inganta binciken rayuwa akan duniyar Mars.
Ya lura cewa viking 1 da Viking 2 Flaft Report, wanda ya sauka akan Mars a 1976, wanda aka gudanar da gwaje-gwajen gano rayuwa a cikin ƙasa mai kwance-antarctica, wani yanki da ake kira bushe kwaruruka. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙasa sun zama rigar daga molama a lokacin bazara. Suna dauke da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ba kawai microorganisms ba, amma a wasu wurare ƙananan tsutsotsi da sauran dabbobi.
Da bambanci, mafi girma, busassun Dutsen Rooberts da Dutsen Schroeder na iya samar da ingantattun kayan girki ga kayan aikin Martian.
"A farfajiya na Mars da mummunan kyau ne," in ji Christner. "Babu kwayoyin a duniya na iya rayuwa a saman farfajiyar" - mafi ƙarancin inch ko biyu. Duk wani sararin samaniya yana tafiya can neman rayuwa dole ne a shirya don sarrafa shi a wasu wurare mafi muni a duniya.
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